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STATIC_URL

可以用来连接模板内的静态文件
客户端访问地址为 HOST+STATIC_URL+模板内静态文件地址

例如，settings.py内：
STATIC_URL = &#39;static/good&#39;">
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                        Django 静态文件的STATIC_URLSTATIC_ROOTSTATICFILES_DIRS探究
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                <h1 id="django-静态文件探究"><a class="header-anchor" href="#django-静态文件探究"></a>Django 静态文件探究</h1>
<h2 id="static-url"><a class="header-anchor" href="#static-url"></a>STATIC_URL</h2>
<ul>
<li>可以用来连接模板内的静态文件</li>
<li>客户端访问地址为 <code>HOST</code>+<code>STATIC_URL</code>+<code>模板内静态文件地址</code></li>
</ul>
<p>例如，<code>settings.py</code>内：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">STATIC_URL = 'static/good'
</code></pre>
<p>模板文件内：</p>
<pre><code class="language-jinja2">{% static 'images/tell.png' %}
</code></pre>
<p>那么客户端就可以从下面地址访问到 <code>images/tell.png</code>文件：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">http://127.0.0.1:8000/static/good/images/tell.png
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p><code>STATIC_URL</code>的改动代表客户端访问静态文件地址的改动，如果：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">STATIC_URL = 'static'
</code></pre>
<p>那么访问地址就是：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">http://127.0.0.1:8000/static/images/tell.png
</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：<code>STATIC_URL</code>必须以<code>/</code>结尾</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="static-root"><a class="header-anchor" href="#static-root"></a>STATIC_ROOT</h2>
<p>部署的时候，使用</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">python manage.py collectstatic
</code></pre>
<p>命令会去<code>STATICFILES_DORS</code>内设置的目录内寻找静态文件，并将所有静态文件全部收集到<code>STATIC_ROOT</code>目录之下，供 <code>nginx</code>或者 <code>apache</code>等转发静态文件，因为生产环境中的 <code>Django</code>是不处理静态文件的。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>STATIC_ROOT</code>必须</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="staticfiles-dors"><a class="header-anchor" href="#staticfiles-dors"></a>STATICFILES_DORS</h2>
<p><code>STATICFILES_DORS</code>列表内的目录必须以<code>/</code>开始，例如：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">STATICFILES_DIRS = [
    &quot;/home/special.polls.com/polls/static&quot;,
    &quot;/home/polls.com/polls/static&quot;,
    &quot;/opt/webfiles/common&quot;,
]
</code></pre>
<h2 id="django-静态文件的处理方式"><a class="header-anchor" href="#django-静态文件的处理方式"></a>Django 静态文件的处理方式</h2>
<p><code>DEBUG=True</code> :</p>
<ul>
<li>会自动寻找并访问页面所需要的静态文件资源（css、js、媒体文件等）</li>
</ul>
<p><code>DEBUG=False</code> ：</p>
<ul>
<li>不会自动寻找访问静态文件</li>
</ul>
<p>那么非调试模式下就需要手动做 <code>URL</code>映射来访问静态文件。</p>
<p>在 <a href="http://urls.py" target="_blank" rel="noopener">urls.py</a> 做 URL 映射：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">from django.conf.urls import url
from django.views.static import serve

urlpatterns = [
url(r'^static/(?P&lt;path&gt;.*)$', serve, {'document_root': STATIC_ROOT}),
]
</code></pre>
<p>使用 <code>serve</code>来做处理静态文件。</p>
<p>注意：</p>
<p>调试模式要求必须设置 STATICFILES_DIRS 否则会报错，设置如下</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">STATIC_URL = &quot;/static/&quot;
STATICFILES_DIRS = [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, &quot;static&quot;), ]
</code></pre>
<p>非调试模式时手动做 URL 映射需要使用到 STATIC_ROOT，也就是说 Django 会在这个 STATIC_ROOT 目录下查找静态文件资源，但是目前我们所有静态文件资源都是放在 <code>os.path.join(BASE_DIR, &quot;static&quot;)</code>目录之下的，Django 2.0 要求 STATICFILES_DIRS 列表不能包含 STATIC_ROOT 目录。</p>
<p>所以需要新建一个文件夹，将其定为 STATIC_ROOT，再使用 <code>python manage.py collectstatic</code> 命令将所有静态文件全部收集到 STATIC_ROOT 下，之后就可以在非调试模式下正常访问静态资源了。</p>
<h3 id="总结"><a class="header-anchor" href="#总结"></a>总结</h3>
<p>调试模式和非调试模式下访问的静态文件的方式不同：</p>
<ul>
<li>调试模式：设置到 STATICFILES_DIRS 之后 Django 自动寻找</li>
<li>非调试模式：Django 不自动寻找，需要手动 URL 映射</li>
</ul>
<p>两种模式下，实际访问的静态资源是不同的：</p>
<ul>
<li>调试模式：访问的原始的静态资源</li>
<li>非调试模式：访问的是<code>python manage.py collectstatic</code> 拷贝的静态资源</li>
</ul>
<p>会出现两批静态资源。</p>
<h2 id="静态资源-url-映射的方法"><a class="header-anchor" href="#静态资源-url-映射的方法"></a>静态资源 URL 映射的方法</h2>
<p><a href="http://settings.py" target="_blank" rel="noopener">settings.py</a> 文件的配置：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">STATIC_URL = &quot;/static/&quot;
STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, &quot;static_root&quot;)
STATICFILES_DIRS = [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, &quot;static&quot;), ]

# 媒体文件设置
MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static/media')
</code></pre>
<p>文件的目录结构：</p>
<pre><code class="language-c">├── banner
│   └── 2019
├── courses
│   └── 2019
├── images
│   └── filebg
├── static
│   ├── css
│   ├── images
│   ├── img
│   ├── js
│   └── media
├── static_root
│   ├── admin
│   ├── css
│   ├── images
│   ├── img
│   ├── js
│   ├── media
│   └── xadmin
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>
<p>使用 <code>django.conf.urls.url</code>和 <code>django.views.static.serve</code>（调试模式和非调试模式都有效）</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">urlpatterns = [
	# 配置上传文件的访问处理函数，这是视频教程中配置的但是无效，可能 django 版本不同造成的
    url(r'^media/(?P&lt;path&gt;.*)$', serve, {'document_root': MEDIA_ROOT}),

    # 配置静态文件访问 url
    url(r'^static/(?P&lt;path&gt;.*)$', serve, {'document_root': STATIC_ROOT}),
]
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>使用 <code>django.conf.urls.static.static</code>（非调试模式下无效）</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">urlpatterns = [ ... ]
urlpatterns += static(MEDIA_URL, document_root=MEDIA_ROOT)
urlpatterns += static(STATIC_URL, document_root=STATIC_ROOT)
</code></pre>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>使用 <code>django.urls.path</code>和 <code>django.views.static.serve</code>（<strong>调试模式和非调试模式都无效</strong>）</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">urlpatterns = [
	path('static/&lt;path&gt;/', serve, {'document_root': STATIC_ROOT}),
]
</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="media-url"><a class="header-anchor" href="#media-url"></a>MEDIA_URL</h2>
<p>MEDIA_URL 是 Django 用来处理上传文件的。Django 的 ORM 有个特殊的字段叫做 <code>FileField</code>是用来储存文件的。不过并不是将文件本身储存到数据库（因为大多数据库保存文件时效率低），只是将文件的<strong>存放路径</strong>保存到数据库。</p>
<p>好了既然存放了上传的文件，那肯定是需要被访问的，（比如用户头像等）</p>
<p>MEDIA_URL 就是访问这些上传文件的路由映射，作用跟 STATIC_URL 差不多。</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">MEDIA_URL = 'static/media/'
</code></pre>
<p>比如在模板文件内的下面访问地址</p>
<pre><code class="language-jinja2">{{ MEDIA_URL }}{{ teacher.image }}
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p><code>teacher.image</code>就是 <code>teacher</code>这个实例用户的 <code>image</code>上传地址，该地址就是 <code>Teacher</code>模型内 <code>image</code>字段内 <code>upload</code>的值。</p>
<p><img src="https://klause-blog-pictures.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2019-05-14-143509.jpg" alt="image-20190324124319241"></p>
</blockquote>
<p>就可以访问到</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">http://127.0.0.1:8000/static/media/teacher/2019/03/xxx.png
</code></pre>
<h2 id="media-root"><a class="header-anchor" href="#media-root"></a>MEDIA_ROOT</h2>
<p>MEDIA_ROOT 就是存放所有上传文件的目录。</p>

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